Radiation meter



July 6, 1954 a. FAILLA ET AL RADIATION METER 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed Aug. 25

FIG. 2.

ill/Ill! INVENTOR. G'IAoa'Ii o FAILLA HARALD f1 R0151 ATTORNEY Patented July 6, 1954 UNITED STAT OFFICE RADIATION METER Application August 23, 1951, Serial No. 243,232

'7 Claims.

The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for determining intensity or amount of ionizing radiation. More particularly, the present invention is directed toward providing a relatively simple radiation meter which requires no auxiliary power supply and which is capable of self-sufficient operation within a sealed chamber. The meter is capable of being made so small as to permit incorporation in a ring to be worn on the finger of a person whose hands are exposed to ionizing radiation. It is also capable of being incorporated into a relatively large apparatus capable of sensitive radiation detection.

at is an object of the present invention to provide an improved radiation meter of relatively simple and inexpensive construction.

It is another object of the present invention to provide an improved radiation meter which requires no auxiliary power supply or charge detection equipment.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide an improved, compact, sealed radiation detection apparatus which is characterized by a self-integrated operation within a sealed container.

In one'or" its broader aspects the objects of the present invention are achieved by providing a radiation meter comprising a radiation permeahle container enclosing a conducting element, an ionizacle gas in said container ambient to said element, radioactive means for changing the pharge on said element, shielding means for preng radiation from said radioactive 'means from actiir on the gas, and means for detectin r: I s chan e the charge on said element.

It a feature of the present invention thatthe radioactive means for changing the charge on a conductor can be used separately to charge the representation of a simple two-chamber form of apparatus capable of carrying out the present invention.

Figures 3, 4 and are respectively a vertical the influence of stray electric fields.

observational purposes.

section and two horizontal sections of a third modification of apparatus adapted to carry out a method of operation wherein the charge enerated and charge dispelled by radiation are independently variable and wherein Figure 5 is taken on a line 5-5 of Figure 3 and Figure 4- is taken on a line 2- 5 of Figure 3.

Figure 6 is a sectional View of a fourth modification including a two-chamber form of the apparatus wherein provision is made for the adjustment of the charging and discharging of the radiation detector element.

Figure 7 is a fifth modification and shows an apparatus similar to that illustrated in Figure 6 but having an independently housed timingmechanism.

Referrin particularly to Figure 1, one simple form of the apparatus comprises a chamber N1, of any suitable geometric shape, formed within an enclosure I2. The enclosure may preferably consist of a metal portion M and a visually transparent window containing portion it which may be made of plastic or other transparent material. The use of a transparent conducting plastic for the portion 16, or the coating of the internal surface of this portion with a layer I! of a conductlllg substance, such as aquadag or evaporated aluminum, is desirable and serves to shield the electrometer portion 29, 25 of the apparatus from It should be understood that in this, as in the other modiiications described below, the plastic or transparent portion of the container is included for Therefore, only a portion thereof sufficient to observe the movement of an object thereinsuch as the electrometerfilamerit, need be left uncoated.

The metal-toplastic joint iii is preferably air-tight to prevent diifusion of' moisture into or out of the chamber 69. Within the chamber a conducting element to, which in this case is in rod form, is supported within a support element or electrode 22. Between the conducting element 29 and a metal support 22, a layer'fi of any suitable insulating plastic is positioned to provide an insulation be tween the element and its support. The metal portion Hi of the enclosure I 2 and the metal support 22 may be joined as by a spot weld at i5 and in combination with the conducting surface ii of thejacket it serve as one electrode of the meter, the conducting rod 2!) servin as the second electrode. These elements serve as electrodes in the sense that when properly charged as described below, gaseous ions, formed by radiation penetrating the chamber iii, are separated and attracted to these elements due to the electric field existing therebetween.

At the free portion of the conducting element 2d an electrometer fiber 26 is attached so that when the rod 28 becomes charged with respect to the electrode the electrometer fiber 26 is displaced from the rod 253. When the conducting element is charged the apparatus is ready for use as a radiation meter. Radiation which penetrates the chamber H3 causes ionization of the gas ambient to the conductingelement 20, and the charge on this element is neutralized by the attraction of oppositely charged ions to the electrode surface under the influence of the potential existing between the electrodes 29 and Id. As the potential between the electrodes is reduced, fiber it is displaced toward the rod and thus serves as an indication of the charge on rod 2d relative to that on the other electrode.

According to the present invention the charge which causes the initial displacement of the fiber 26 is developed on rod 28 by a suitable radioactive substance which emits charged particles and which incorporated at the imbedded or supported end of the rod in charge changing relation. A charge changing relation is herein defined as one which causes the charged particles emitted from a radioactive substance incorporated at the imbeddcd or gas free end of the rod to be preferentially delivered to or removed from that end of the rod. Thus, if the surface of the rod itself is coated with or consists of a radioactive material which emits beta particles for example, the rod becomes positively charged due to the loss of the negatively charged particles from the rod into the insulating plastic 2% and the metal of the surrounding support 22. By contrast, if the beta emitting radioactive material is incorporated on the surface of the plastic coated hole in the support 22 which receives the rod 23, the charge delivered to the rod is negative because the beta particles will be preferentially delivered to the rod. The maintenance of a radioactive substance in either of these or in simi lar functional relationships is, according to the present invention, maintenance in a charge changing relationship.

In the operation of the apparatus a charge is developed on the rod 20 by incorporating a substance in charge changing relation to the imbedded, end of the rod and the charge, whether of negative or positive value, is neutralized due to the action or" radiation on an ionizable gas ambient to the free end of the rod. Accordingly, if no external radiation penetrates the chamber In a charge is continuously built up on the rod 20 due to the decay of the radioactive source material. The support 22 is suffiicently thick to prevent radiation from the radioactive source, in charge changing relationship with the rod 29, from acting on the gas in chamber it. If excessive radiation of external origin penetrates chamber iii the rod becomes completely discharged and the fiber 26 shows a minimum deflection from the rod 2B. Thus to completely discharge the device, it is placed in a field of strong radiation.

Having thus described the broader aspects of our invention, reference now is made to Figure 2 wherein another form of the apparatus is diagrammatically represented to include a container 30 consisting partially of a plastic wall 32 and partially of a metal wall 34. The inner surface of the curved plastic Wall 32 is preferably coated with a conducting layer 35 such as evaporated aluminum or aquadag. The container is prosource.

vided with a separating member 36, composed of an insulating material which divides the container 36 into two chambers 38 and it. A conducting element 42 (similar to the rod element 29 of Figure 1) is sealed into the insulating and separating element 35 and extends into both of the chambers 38 and 4S. An ionizable gas is enclosed within the chamber 38 ambient to the end of the rod 42 extending into this chamber. The end of the rod 62 extending into chamber i!) is coated with a radioactive material which emits charged particles to charge the rod as before de scribed. Thus, for example, if the end of the rod extending into chamber 3E5 is coated with or has incorporated therein a radioactive material which emits beta particles the rod M will become charged positively due to the loss of the negatively charged beta particles therefrom. The charge on the rod does not becom neutralized (as occurs in chamber iii of Figure l) by the action of ions within the chamber it because the chamber is evacuated. The radioactive material is thus mainta ned in charge changing relation to the rod 42. The charge thus developed on the rod 42 can become neutralized by the separation of ions formed in the chamber 33 by the action of external radiation penetrating this gas filled chamber. The insulating and separating shield member 35 also as ts as a means for shielding the gas in chamber 38 from the radiation emitted from the end or" rod 12 in chamber 39. It is therefore preferred to use a radioactive source which emits charged particles at relatively low energy so as to minimize the likelihood of such radiation penetrating through the shield member 36 into the chamber to act on the gas therein. An ion pair formed in the gas ambient to the rod 42 in the chamber 3 3 will be separated .ly the difference in voltage between the rod &2 and the combination of the conductively coated internal curved wall of chamber 38 and the metal portion of the wall 35. The ions attracted to rod in chamber 32? will tend to neutralize it. An electrometer filament M is attached to the rod 2 at the point where it emerges from the separating wall 35. The displacement of thi filament serves to indicate the degree to which the rod 52 has become charged or discharged. A scale ii; may be used in determining the extent of travel of the filament 54 due to the change in charge on the rod 42.

Qne feature of the present invention relates to the use of the apparatus as a dosimeter or a device for determining the dosage of radiation which a person exposed thereto has received during a certain exposure time as for example a normal working day. If no radiation penetrates the gas filled chamber 38 the filament will travel through a certain definite distance indieating a definite increase of charge in a period of time, such as eight hours. This indicate that a charge of a certain intensity is developed on the rod :22 within the eight hour period due to the emission of charged particles in the evacuated chamber 40 from the end of the rod which bears the radioactive material. Thus, for example, in an eight hour period the filament might be expected to go through 20 units on the scale 3%. If, however, the filament fails to go through the 20 scale units this can only be due to the partial neutralization of the developing charge by radiation entering the chamber 38 from an external Thus, if the filament travels through only 16 of the expected 20 scale units during the eight hour periodthe user of the radiation meter of ions formed. ttion,'some of the ions recombine without ever having reached-the electrodes. racy of the' apparatus depends on the collection assume is made-aware that he hasrbeen exposed to. radiation from that external source and which 'is equivalent to the fourscale unitswhiclr the fiber failed to go through. Th apparatus istherefore preferably calibrated to equate the scale units to radiation induced ionization-so thata user may know the extent of radiation "to"wl1ich he has been exposed.

In. order for the device to operate accurately as a radiation meterpthe voltage between rod 42 and the conductingilinternal surfacezofthe container immust be above the so-called saturation voltage. This is thevoltage at which the sepa ration of-ionpairs formed in chamber 33 and Since the accuof anumber of ions which represents the amount of ionizing radiation acting on the gas in cham- 'ber38, a voltage dependent variation of the representative number, of ions collected, such as occurs below saturation voltage, renders the device inaccurate inthe low voltage range. fore important in using the present apparatus that the voltage be maintained above satura- It is theretion voltage during the entire period during which it is in use as a radiation dosimeter.

At thestartcf a time interval the voltage is preferably adjusted to-a value slightly above the saturation level when using the-apparatus, as described above, by a comparison of the charge which the rod 42 develops when no radiation penetrates chamber 38 during a certain time interval, and the charge developed when radiation does penetrate the chamber 38-during the same interval. Since the device is normally in a highly charged state at the start of a use period,

the voltage on rod 42 may be set at a desired level by partial discharge'thereof. This may be accomplishedby a number of schemes. One such 'scheme comprises subjecting the device to an discharged when thefiber 44 is moved to the ionizing radiation ofsufiicient intensity to slowly discharge the device. The device is sufficiently .positionon thescale 46 which indicates a voltage slightly above saturation.

Another such scheme involves the use of a movable element such as! (see Figure 2) which may net 59.

be magnetically moved "along the conducting inner surface of wall '32 into contact with the rod 42. This element 48' is preferably magnetic so that its movement within the chamber may be controlled by some external meanssuch as'mag- The element "is composed of or completely coated with a high resistance material'so that the flow of current therethrough is relatively slow. I

In usethe element Allis moved along the-conducting internal surface of the chamber wall 32 by external movement of the rod magnet 50 until break the high resistanceconnection between the rod vand :conducting surface.

end of a rod 62.

- the chamber of the charging portion 52. ternal vertical and top surfaces of this housing with the lower surface of the cup til.

- of the shielding collar 63.

of this collar is accomplished by raising and .ment E0. The positioning of the external magnet element Til eifects the positioning of an internal magnet element 72.

-tact'with the horizontal shield plate tit.

eration the collar68 is raised by raising a magnet A grounding lead 33, which is'simply a conducting element sealed through the wall 32, permits external grounding contact to be made through any suitable conductor, not shown, with the conducting surface layer 35 coated on the interior of wall '32 and thence with'the element 43.

R'eferringnow to Figures 3, i and 5 still another form of the apparatus is illustrated. This apparatus is divided into three substantially separate'portions, a charging portion 52, a dischargingportionfi, and a charge indicating portion Charging portion 52 is seen as an enlarged horizontal section in Figure 4 (taken on the line a4- lof Figure 3) and the discharging section is seen in horizontal section in Figure 5 (taken on the lines-5 of Figure 3) With particular reference to the charging portion 52 of Figure '3 and to Figure 4, charge is developed on a cup-like element es by impingement of charged radioactive particles emitted from a radioactive substance incorporated on the lower The upper end of the rod 52 is supported in the plastic housing 5 which defines The inare preferably coated with a layer 53 of a conducting substance but the lower surface is free of conducting material so that the cup 653 is insulated from the other conductors in charging portion 52. A vacuum is maintained in the chamber formed by enclosure {it to prevent the formation of ions therein. The lower end of the'rod -62 terminates axially in a horizontally disposed plate '66. This plate serves as a shield to prevent radiation emitted from the surface of the rod 62' from passing downward into contact The number of charged particles emitted from the sur face of rod 62 which are permitted to pass in a radial direction to impinge on the vertical Walls of cup 60. is regulated by the raising or lowering Raising and lowering lowering the externally adjustable magnet ele- This internal magnet is attached to the collar $3 by the struts it and thus adjustment of the position of collar 53 may be accomplished by adjustment of the position of magnet 10. A scale i5 inscribed on the container 64 enables the position of internal magnet element 12 and thus of the collar 63 to be accurately determined. The charge developed on the cup 66 is not discharged by the flow of ions formed within the container 6Q by the action of penedratingr-adiation because the has been removed therefrom and no ions can be formed.

The relative radial positioning of the cornponent elements in the lower portion of this charging device 52 may be seen with reference to Figure 4 which is an enlarged section taken on the line 4-4 of Figure 3. In order of decreasing diameter the elements are: the container wall '64; the wall .of the cup 655, disposed concentricallywithin container 65 the collar 68, positioned concentrically in separating position between cup Bland the radioactive source 62 of charged particle radiation. Referring again to the charging portion 52' of Figure 3 the iiow of charged particle radiation to the cup 5 3 may be entirely cutoff by lowering the collar until it makes con-=- In opthereby causing a charge to build up on the cup 60. When a sufficient charge has been developed on the cup 60 the collar 68 is again lowered by lowering magnet 10 thus shutting off the flow of charged particles from the rod 62 and leaving the cup 60 charged to a desired potential.

Turning now particularly to the discharging portion 5 of the apparatus illustrated in Figure 3 and to Figure 5, it is seen that the rod 80 makes electrical contact with cup 65 through the lower insulating wall of the container 64. The rod 80 extends through an enlarged chamber 32 formed within a cylindrical container 84. Rod 8% is eccentrically placed with respect to the cylindrical container. The chamber 82 is essentially an ionization chamber, rod 89 forming one electrode and the conducting container wall 84 acting as the other electrode. The number of ions formed within the chamber which are collected on the charged rod 80 may be varied by shifting the position of a curved channel shield member 86. The shield member 56 is mounted vertically with its channel portion longitudinally confronting the rod Sii along most of the rod length. The channel is supported in the chamber 82 by a ring element 89, which is welded to channel 86 and rests on the ring support 88. This support 88 extends from and is welded to the internal side wall 84 of the ionization chamber.

Acting together the rings 38 and 89 permit the channel 86 to be rotated about the rod 80. Positioning of the shield 86 at various positions around the rod 8!] may be brought about by the co-action of a magnet 963, attached to the channel member 85, and an externally manipulated magnet such as a bar magnet 92 (see Figure 5). A shift of the position of the external magnet causes a corresponding shift of the internal magnet and consequently of the channel 86. By reversing the pole of the bar magnet 92 externally of the container 8 the channel may be made to turn through 180 and this turning, in combina tion with the turning induced by disposing bar magnet as at positions around the vertical wall of the container 84, makes it possible to position:

the channel as desired. The position of the channel with respect to the container 84 is important in that it determines the percentage of the ions formed in chamber 82 which are collected on the charged rod 853. ward the rod 86 from a position in chamber 82 which is separated from the rod by the shield. never reach. the rod but impinge on the ion shield and are neutralized thereon. The shield serves to intercept and discharge ions attracted toward:

rod 8% from positions aligned with the charged rod and grounded shield. Only the ions attracted from the portion of the gas in chamber 82 to which rod 86 is exposed are able to act on the rod to discharge it.

When the shield is positioned between the rod and a small volume of gas as for example to the right of rod 89 only a comparatively small number of ions are intercepted because only a small number of ions are formed in the small volume of gas in this portion of chamber 82. In this position the apparatus is highly sensitive to radiation because a large portion of the ions formed are able to reach the rod and give up their charge in neutralizing it. On the other hand, if the shield is shifted to a position between the rod and a larger volume of gas, as in the position shown, a larger proportion of ions are intercepted and the sensitivity of the apparatus is lowered.

The sensitivity of the apparatus may be increased Most of the ions attracted to' or decreased by changing the position of the channel 86 to positions around the charged rod so that more or fewer ions are intercepted by the channel. Generally the larger the number of ions intercepted the lower will be the sensitivity of the apparatus.

The detector portion 56 of the apparatus is simply an electrometer consisting (in Figure 3) of an extension of the rod 89 into a plastic housing 93 and a filament 94 attached to the rod 83 and capable of moving within the container 93 to give an indication of the charge on the rod 86. The container 93 is plastic but is coated on its internal vertical and lower end surfaces with a layer 9! of a conducting material. At least a portion of the plastic wall 93 serves as a transparent window portion for viewing indicator 94. A scale such as that included in chamber 38 of Figure 2 may be incorporated in the detector 56.

Referring now specifically to Figure 6 there is shown a device which is essentially a modification of the apparatus of Figure 2. A plastic jacket llll! encloses a chamber which is divided internally by the separating plastic wall I92 into an evacuated chamber I94 and a gas filled chamber I06. Charge is developed within the evacuated chamber analogously to that developed in chamber 49 of Figure 2 and chamber it acts as an ionization chamber similar to chamber 38 of Figure 2. In the charging chamber Hi a radioactive substance emitting charged particle radiation is borne on the upper end of a movable rod element N37. The lower portion I22 of the rod it? is a high resistance element the function of which is described below. The lower end of rod I61 terminates in an abutment 5253 which corresponds to a similar abutment 526 formed at the upper end of a second rod i It which is mounted in stationary position.

It is preferred that the end no of rod iii? be relatively small (though diagrammatically illustrated as large for the sake of clarity) compared with the upper end of the same rod. The reason is that a charge is collected on rod i ti and stored thereon. It is desired that this charge be delivered to the rod I H8 at a relatively slow rate. In order to deliver the charge to rod I l8 slowly it must pass through the resistance I22. Thus it is preferred that the principal portion of the charge be stored on the upper end of rod Isl. In this connection rod H3? serves as one plate of a condenser. The other plate of the condenser is formed by coating the vertical internal walls of chamber 94 with a layer [ill of a conducting substance such as aquadag or a metallized coat such as evaporated aluminum. A simple condenser arrangement is provided by inserting rod Ill? into an insulated recess in an internally projecting plastic element iii! and coating the vertical outer surface thereof with a conducting substance such as those disclosed above. The rod I9? is positioned within the upwardly extending recess it!) which opens at the lower sur face of the internally projecting element l iii. The internal surface of the recess and the lower sur face of the projection H6 are free of conducting substances So that no electrical connection may occur between the rod It! and the conducting vertical surfaces within the chamber Ki l. The relative dimensions of the projection i it and rod I01 are shown to illustrate their relative position within the chamber I 64 but it will be understood that their relative diameters and lengths may be altered to favor the provision of a relatively high capacitance between rod l0! and the conducting 'the radioactive source on rod I01.

Surface onthe vertical outer surface of the projection II0.

In order to connect and disconnect the rods I01 and H8 at the desired times the magnetic attraction of a relatively strong permanent magnet rod I 52 is employed. A downwardly extending externally opening recess I It which is axially aligned with recess I08 is provided at the upper end of container I00. The rod I? is also composed at least in part of a magnetic material so that rod I0? is capable of being attracted into and retained in the recess I08 by the action of the magnet rod II 2. Rod magnet H2 is maintained within recess I14 by the pressure clip, I I6. Thus in the upper or charging portion of the device illustrated in Figure 6 a rod element I07 bearing a radioactive material in charge changing relationship is provided in charge deliverable relationship to asecond rod element II 8.

With reference now particularly to the lower portion of Figure 6 it is seen that the rodIIB, which may be charged at a relatively slow rate by causing rod It? to be lowered into contact therewith, is sealed in insulated relation through the separating wall I62 and extends into both the charging chamber I04 and ionization chamber 36. As the charge is delivered to the rod H8 a filament indicator I24 is displaced away from the rod M6 to positions along a scale !39. At least a portion of wall I0!) is transparent to facilitate viewing the scale I39 and indicator filament I24. The rod I I8 forms one plate of a con denser in the ionization chamber 36. Theother plate consists of a conductive coating on the internal vertical walls of the lower portion of con tainer I60 and the conducting element I26. Ionizing radiations which penetrate chamber I06 cause ionization of the gas therein and the ion pairs formed by the radiation are separated by the electrical field existing between the rod H8 and the conducting vertical surface-within the chamber I66. The extent of the discharge of rod I it due to the attraction of ions thereto is indi cated by the displacement of the filament I24 along the scale I 39 toward the rod. If no radiation penetrates the chamber I 06 the filament I24 remains stationary.

A discharge of the rod I I8 may be inducedby placing a radioactive source in close proximity to the chamber. Thus, for example, if the rod'I I8 has become toohig'hly charged a source I58 of ionizing radiation at the end of a ruled rod I50 may be inserted into a recess i54, specially provided for this purpose in one wall of the con tainer I00, and the radiation from this source I58 used to partially discharge the rod I I8. For this purpose the internal wall I56 of the recess [54' should preferably be thin to permit the radiation from the source I 58 to penetrate into chamber I06 without undue loss of particle energy.

Another way in which the source I58 is useful in connection with the present device involves the establishment of a balance of the development of charge on rod I I3 and the ionic discharge of the rod. For this urpose electrical contact is maintained between the two abutting ends I of the rods I01 and H0. A charge will thus be constantly delivered to rod H8 at a rate which depends on the value of the resistance I22. If the active end of rod I is inserted in the recess I54, and its position therein properly adjusted, an ion current may be developed in the chamber I06 which exactly offsets the current delivered from This is in efiect a zero position on the scale of rod I50. If

the rod is maintained at this zero position and external ionizing radiation penetrates the chamber, the fiber will drift to the left because the ionization due to this external radiation will be added to the ionization due to the beta source on rod Hit. To eliminate this drift the rod I5?) can be partially withdrawn from its zero position. The required amount of retraction of the rod I50 from the recess I54 will depend on the intensity of the external radiation field. The scale of rod ISii may be calibratedin terms of incident external radiation of known intensity so that determinations may be made of radiation of unknown intensity by retracting the rod from its zero position until the fiber I2d becomes stationary for the particular radiation being determined.

If it is desired to-completely discharge the rod H3 or to deliver a. charge thereto from an external source, electrical contact can be made between the rod I I3 and the exterior of the device by inverting the device and withdrawing a mag- 'chamber I06. The butt end ass of the rod H8 receives the conducting magnetic rod E38 as it falls from the recess I40 in the metal element I26.

When the device is in the position shown the press seal I36 keeps the rod I32 in place. From the foregoing it is apparent that there are several alternate means for charging and discharging the ioncollecting electrode 1 It contemplated by thepresent invention andfor regulating the rate of charge or discharge thereof.

Referring now specifically to Figure 7, a device similar to that shown on Figure 6 will be described. The container Itc is in this case divided by two internal walls 282 and 23I into three separate chambers. The Wall 202 divides the container into an upper charging. chamber I62 similar to that charging chamber i at of Figure 6, and a lower portion, while the vertically disposed wall 20I divides the lower portion of the container into the two chambers I64and I66. With reference to the upper chamber. I62, the source of charged 1 particle radiation is borne by the upper end of the movable rod 206. A relatively high resistance 222 divides the rod 206 into an upper charge developing and charge retaining portion and a lower conductor portion I which simply acts to carry the charge which passes through the resistance 222 to the butt ends I92and I 52 of the stationary rods I68 and I68 respectively. The'upper end of the rod 206 may be: retained within a recess 208 in an internally projecting support 2 I 0 by the magnetic attraction of a rod magnet 2I2. The rod magnet 2I2 is similarly positioned within a recess 2I4 and retained therein by the pressure clamp 2I0. The internal vertical walls of the chamber I62 are coated with a layer I6I of a conducting substance but the horizontal walls including the lower surface of the internal projection 2Ifiand the top surface of the wall 282 remain free from conducting materialand in fact serve as insulating spacers to keep the charge from passing from the rods 286, I68 and I68 to the conducting internal vertical Walls of the device. Thus, the device may be described as a condenser wherein the rods serve as one set of similarly chargedplates and the conducting surfaces on the vcrticalwalls ac'tas the other set of plates.

Chamber I64 is intended to serve as a timing mechanism as itis-used in connectionwith the present invention. The timing mechanism serves to render the device independent of separate timing devices so that the user may know the rate at which he has been subjected to the action of ionizing radiation without reference to a separate timing device. It will be seen that the chamber I64 is essentially a mirror image of the chamber I66 except for the inclusion'of a radioactive source I12 on one wall of the chamber I64 and therefore the description with reference to the elements of the left hand chamber is equally applicable to the right hand chamber where like elements are indicated by like numerals with a super prime added. Thus with reference to chamber I64 the chargeable rod I68 is sealed in insulated relation in the dividing wall 202. The charge on the rod I68 is indicated by the position of the filament with respect to the scale I14. At least a portion of the wall I60 is transparent to permit viewing of this filament H6 and scale I14. Electrical connection may be made between the rod I68 and the device exterior 'by inversion thereof and removal of the permanent magnet rod I84 from a recess I86 provided for the purpose in a metal block I89. This causes the rod I18 to fall from its recess I86 into contact with the butt end I16 of rod I68 and make electrical contact therewith. The non-magnetic conducting block I89 connects the rod I18 with the device exterior. If it is desired to completely ground the rod I68, this may be accomplished by grounding the block I89, or if it is desired to charge the rod I68, this may be accomplished by correspondingly applying a charge to the block.

In order to use the device so as to determine not only the amount of ionizing radiation to which the user has been exposed but also the interval during which the exposure took place, the two rods I68 and I68 are charged to equal potentials. This may be accomplished very simply by dropping the charged rod 266 from its recess 268 in the support projection '2I0 by removing the magnetic rod 2I2. Rods I68 and I68 become equally charged because electrical connection is made therebetween by the conductor lee. When the rod 2I2 is replaced in its. recess 2I4 the rod 206 is retracted into its recess 268 and the two rods I68 and I63 are left equally charged. The radioactive source I12, which is preferably a relatively weak emitter of low energy charged radiation, causes ionization of the gas within the chamber I64 but is without effect on the gas in chamber I66. This ionization in chamber I64 acts to discharge the element I68 and the fiber I is displaced to the right along scale I14. The initial charging of the rods I68 and I68 is preferably high since no additional charge is delivered to the rods during the exposure period. The rate of discharge is constant when the charge on the rod I68 is above the critical voltage because a constant ion current is produced in the gas in chamber 164. The displacement of the fiber I10 across the scale I14 is thus easily convertible into time. The displacement of fiber I10 will cause a relative diiference in the positions of the fibers I16 and I10 with respect to the scales I14 and I14. This relative difference in displacement due to the additional ionization in chamber I64 continues to occur even when the chambers are exposed to external radiation because each chamher is equally subjected to the incident radiation but only chamber I64 is subjected to ionization from source I12.

It is apparent from the foregoing that the present invention provides a relatively simple though versatile radiation meter. The form of the meter may be adapted to making radiation measurements over a relatively wide intensity and time range. A single instrument may incorporate provision for adjusting the sensitivity of the device by adjustment of the amount of charge developed, the rate of charge delivered to the ionization detecting electrode or the auxiliary discharging schemes so that a wide range of measurements may be made. The device is also operable without the aid of auxiliary power supplies and may be hermetically sealed to minimize the effects of the atmospheric gases. The embodiments described with reference to the accompanying drawings are intended to be illustrative of the numerous forms in which the device may be produced and it is therefore to be understood that the concept of the present invention is not limited to the illustrative embodiments shown.

We claim:

1. A self -contained radiation meter which comprises a hermetically sealed envelope having a visually transparent wall portion, at least a portion of the internal surface of said envelope being conductive, a chargeable element mounted wholly within said envelope in insulated relation thereto, at least a portion of said element being maintained in contact with an ionizable gas, a source of charged particle radiation disposed within said envelope in charge-changing relation to said element, shielding means shielding said source and preventing radiation emitted by said source from acting on said gas, and a charge indicator on said chargeable element.

2. A self-contained radiation meter which comprises a hermetically sealed envelope having a visually transparent wall portion, at least a portion of the internal surface of said envelope beingconductive, said envelope being separated by a dividing wall into a gas-filled and an evacuated chamber, a chargeable element mounted wholly within said envelope in insulated relation in said dividing wall and extending into each of said chambers, a radioactive source disposed within said envelope in charge-changing relation with the portion of said element which extends into the evacuated chamber, a charge indicator on said element, said dividin wall serving to shield the gas in said gas-filled chamber from the radiation from said radioactive source.

3. A self-contained radiation meter which comprises a hermetically sealed envelope having a visually transparent wall portion, at least a portion of the internal surface of said envelope being conductive, a chargeable element mounted wholly within said envelope in insulated relation and at least a portion of said element being maintained in contact with an ionizable gas, a source of charged particle radiation disposed within said envelope in charge-changing relation to said element, means for regulating the rate of change of charge on said element, shielding means shielding said source and preventing radiation emitted from said source from acting on said gas, and a charge indicator on said chargeable element.

4. A self-contained radiation meter which comprises a hermetically sealed envelope having a visually transparent wall portion, at least a portion of the internal surface of said envelope being conductive, a dividing wall separating said envelope into a gas-filled and an evacuated chamber, a chargeable element mounted wholly within said envelope in insulated relation in said 13 dividing wall and extending into each of said chambers, a source of charged particle radiation disposed within said envelope in charge-changing relation to said element, said dividing wall serving to shield the gas in said gas-filled chamber portion of the internal surface of said envelopebeing conductive, a dividing wall separating the chamber within said envelope into a gas-filled and an evacuated chamber, a first conducting element mounted wholly within said envelope in said dividing wall in insulated relation thereto and extending into each of said chambers, a second conducting element mounted wholly within said envelope in electrically connectable relation to said first element, a source of radiation in charge-changing relation with said second conducting element, means for connecting said first and second elements and means for indicating the charge on said first element, said dividing wall serving to shield the gas in said gasfilled chamber from the radiation from said radioactive source.

6. A self-contained radiation meter which comprises a hermetically sealed envelope having a visually transparent wall portion, at least a portion of the internal surface of said envelope being conductive, a dividing Wall separating the chamber enclosed by said envelope into a gasfilled and an evacuated chamber, a first conducting element mounted wholly within said envelope and sealed through said dividing wall in insulated relation thereto and extending into each of said chambers, a second conducting element mounted wholly within said envelope in insulated relation thereto, externally operable means for connecting said first and second elements, a source of radiation disposed within said envelope in charge-changing relation with said second conducting element, said dividing wall serving to shield the gas in said gas-filled cham her from the radiation from said radioactive source, means for regulating the rate of flow of current from said second element to said first element-when connection is made therebetween, externally operable means for discharging said second element and means for indicating the charge on said second element.

'7. A self-contained radiation meter which comprises a hermetically sealed envelope having a visually transparent wall portion, at least a portion of the internal surface of said envelope being conductive, a dividing wall separating the volume enclosed by said envelope into two gas-filled chambers and one evacuated chamber, a first conducting element mounted wholly within said envelope and sealed through said dividing wall in insulated relation thereto between the first gas-filled chamber and the evacuated chamber, a second conducting element mounted wholly within said envelope and sealed through said dividing wall in insulated relation thereto between the second gas-filled chamber and the evacuated chamber, a third conducting element mounted wholly within said envelope in said evacuated chamber in insulated relation to the conducting internal surface and in electrically connectable relation to said first and second elements, a source of charged particle radiation disposed within said envelope in charge-changing relation to said third conducting element, at least a portion of said dividing wall serving to shield the gas in said gas-filled chambers from the radiation from the source, means for regulating the rate of flow of current from the third conducting element to the first and second elements and a source of radiation in the first gas-filled chamber.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,059,095 Whitehead Apr. 15, 1913 2,158,464 Yeda Aug. 8, 1939 2,490,298 Ghiorso Dec. 6, 1949 2,610,302 Christian Sept. 9, 1952 

